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The groups for which student group mean scale scores are available are defined by student, teacher, and school background variables or by variables used in the sampling of schools for NAEP. Some of the background variables are specific to the subject area being assessed and are collected as subject-specific background questions on the questionnaires; others are not specific to a subject area. Some of the variables used to define groups come from external sources used in the sampling process. For more information, see a comprehensive list of variables for each NAEP assessment.