The target population for the 2011 state assessment included all students in public schools in the United States who were enrolled in the fourth or eighth grades. In addition, students attending Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) and Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) schools who were enrolled in the fourth and eighth grades were also included. U.S. territories, although included in some past NAEP assessments, were not included in NAEP 2011.