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The private school samples were designed to produce nationally representative samples of students enrolled in private schools in the United States. Fourth- and eighth-grade students were assessed in writing.
The target sample size for the private school writing assessment samples was 2,200 assessed students at both grade 4 and grade 8. Prior to sampling, these target sample sizes were adjusted upward to offset expected rates of school and student attrition due to nonresponse and ineligibility.
Samples were based on a two-stage design that involved selection of schools within strata and selection of students within schools. The first-stage samples of schools were selected with probability proportional to a measure of size based on the estimated grade-specific enrollment in the schools.