For the mathematics and reading assessments in fourth- and eighth-grade public schools, the national samples were the state assessment samples for each jurisdiction. For the science assessment, the national samples were also the state assessment samples with the exception of four states that declined to participate. By design, the District of Columbia and Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) schools participated in mathematics and reading only, as they each lacked the required number of students for the state science assessment. In the design of the state samples, for all six of the jurisdictions not participating in science, a small portion of students received the science assessment to supplement the national science sample. Additional details of the national science sample are also described as part of the state assessment samples.