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For the mathematics and reading assessments in fourth- and eighth-grade public schools, the national samples were formed by the collective state assessment samples for each jurisdiction, including Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) and Department of Defense Educational Activity (DoDEA) schools.
For the science assessments in fourth- and eighth- grade public schools, the national sample was also formed by aggregating the state science samples except for four states that declined to participate. In addition, by design, the District of Columbia and BIE schools did not participate in science as they each lacked the required number of students for the state science assessment. In the design of the state samples for these six jurisdictions not participating in science, a small portion of students received the science assessment to supplement the national science sample.
For the vocabulary assessments in fourth- and eighth-grade public schools, the national student sample was formed by selecting a small portion of students from a nationally representative subsample of schools from the state assessment school samples.